
“This paper has examined the rise of central bank digital currencies, a new payment technology that may soon be available in a number of countries around the world. We have presented a novel CBDC project index (CBDCPI). We have shown that this index is higher in jurisdictions with higher mobile phone usage and higher innovation capacity. Especially retail CBDCs are more likely where there is a larger informal economy, and wholesale CBDCs are more advanced in economies that have higher financial development. We have also noted that CBDC projects differ starkly across countries, both in their motivations and their economic and technical design. Many central banks are pursuing models where a CBDC is a direct claim on the central bank, but with private intermediaries. To better understand these differences, we have zoomed in on three advanced cases, namely those of the People’s Bank of China, Sweden’s Riksbank and the Bank of Canada.”
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